Nouns and its forms - Countable and Uncountable

Nouns are countable and uncountable.

Countable nouns:

These are of singular and plural forms.

Singular countable nouns cannot be used alone. They must have a/an/the or any other determiner like my, that etc.

Plural countable forms are made by:

i) adding -s at the end of the noun:

pen-pens, table-tables, school-schools

ii) adding -es to the nouns ending with -s, -ss, -ch, -sh, x:

bus-buses, glass-glasses, watch-watches, box-boxes, dish-dishes

iii) adding -ies to the nouns ending with a consonant and a -y:

lady-ladies, party-parties, baby-babies

iv) however, we add -s to the nouns with a vowel and -y:

boy-boys, play-plays, monkey-monkeys

v) we add -ves to nouns ending with -f/-fe:

shelf-shelves, knife-knives

vi) some nouns have irregular plural forms like:

woman-women, child-children, fish-fish, sheep-sheep

Uncountable Nouns:

i) Uncountable nouns have always one form.

ii) We cannot use a/an with uncountable nouns.

iii) But we can use a piece of.../ a glass of.../ a game of.../ a bowl of...with uncountable noun.


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Question Forms by different ways.

We make question forms in different ways:

1) By moving a auxiliary verb to the front of the clause:

Examples:

i) She is writing.
Is she writing?

ii) They have finished the work?
Have they finished the work?

iii) He has worked hard.
Has he worked hard?

iv) They have been complaining for a long time.
Have they been complaining for a long time?

2) By shifting a modal to the front of the clause: 

Examples:

i) He will come to the show.
Will he come to the show?

ii) They might come to see you.
Might they come to see you?

iii) She will have finished the show by now.
 Will she have finished the show by now?

iv) The movie will be finished soon.
Will the movie be finished soon?

3) Do/Does and Did

We use do/does and did for Present Simple and Past Simple as they have no auxiliary:

Examples:
i) They work.
Do they work?

ii) He often comes to the park.
Does he often come to the park?

iii) She wrote a letter to him.
Did she write a letter to him?

iv) Everybody liked the show last night.
 Did everybody like the show last night?


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Present Perfect Simple and Continuous

Present Perfect Simple :

The structure is  have/has + Past Participle.

Example: 

• She has done her work.
• I have gone to see her in the hospital.
• He has broken the window pane.

Present Perfect Continuous :

The Structure is have/has + been + ing.

Example: 

• They has been discussing the project since two years.
• He has been seeing her for two years.
• My mother has been teaching in a school for many years. 

- We use Present Perfect Tense to express an event or activity which has a link to the present.

- We use it for the things which happened in the past but the result is now.

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Spelling Rules for -ing forms

The present continuous tense is –ing. When we add –ing to some verbs, their spellings get changed. 

• Have - Having
• Ride - Riding
• Swim - Swimming
• Run - Running

Therefore, there are some spelling rules for –ing forms. These are:

- If a verb ends in silent e, we remove it and add –ing

• Ride - Riding
• Write - Writing
• Dance - Dancing
• Come - Coming
• Smile - Smiling
• Ride - Riding
• Have - Having

- If the verb is one-syllable ends with a vowel + a consonant, the final consonant gets doubled before adding –ing

• Swim – Swimming
• Stop – Stopping
• Tap – Tapping
• Sob – Sobbing

- If the verb is two-syllable and ends with a single vowel + a consonant and the stress is on the last syllable, then the final consonant will be doubled before adding –ing

• Admit – Admitting
• Commit – Committing
• Refer – Referring

- The two –syllable verb ending with a vowel + a consonant and the stress is not on the last syllable, the final consonant do not need to be doubled while adding –ing

• Visit – Visiting
• Target – Targeting
• Open – Opening
• Inherit – Inheriting

- If the verb has a –c in its end, then a –k will be added before adding –ing

• Traffic – Trafficking
• Picnic – Picnicking
• Mimic – Mimicking

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'Did' in Past Tense Negatives And Questions

In Past tense, we use 'did' in negatives and questions.

Examples:

I	worked
We	wrote
You	came
They	went
He	watched
She	did
It	rained

Negative Forms: 

I	did not (didn't)	work
We	did not (didn't)	write
You	did not (didn't)	come
They	did not (didn't)	go
He	did not (didn't)	watch
She	did not (didn't)	do
It	did not (didn't)	rain

Question Forms:

Did	Subject	Verb
Did	I	work?
Did	we	write?
Did	you	come?
Did	they	go?
Did	he	watch?
Did	she	do?
Did	it	rain?

* With did/didn't, we use the base form (work, come, go, watch, do, rain) not the past tense form (worked, came, went, watched, did, rained).

Examples:
I didn't work (not I didn't worked)
We didn't write (not We didn't wrote)
He didn't watch (not He didn't watched)
Did she do the project? ( not Did she does the project)
Did they go? (Not Did they went?)

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Past Simple Forms with Regular and Irregular Verbs

The past simple form is often made by adding -ed to most verbs. These are called regular verbs. Some of these are:

Infinitive	Past Tense
Accept	Accepted
Achieve	Achieved
Add	Added
Behave	Behaved
Boil	Boiled
Borrow	Borrowed
Call	Called
Change	Changed
Chase	Chased
Chew	Chewed
Dance	Danced
Deliver	Delivered
Destroy	Destroyed
Drag	Dragged
Earn	Earned
Employ	Employed
Establish	Established
Fry	Fried

But there are irregular verbs whose past tense is not -ed. Here are some common irregular verbs:

Become	Became
Begin	Began
Bite	Bit
Break	Broke
Bring	Brought
Build	Built
Burn	Burnt
Buy	Bought
Catch	Caught
Choose	Chose
Come	Came
Do	Did
Drink	Drank
Drive	Drove
Eat	Ate
Fall	Fell
Feed	Fed
Feel	Felt
Fight	Fought
Find	Found
Fly	Flew
Forget	Forgot
Forgive	Forgave
Get	Got
Give	Gave
Go	Went
Grow	Grew
Have	Had
Hear	Heard
Hold	Held
Keep	Kept
Know	Knew
Learn	Learnt
Leave	Left
Lend	Lent
Lose	Lost
Make	Made
Mean	Meant
Pay	Paid
Ring	Rang
Say	Said
Sell	Sold
Send	Sent
Shine	Shone
Shoot	Shot
Smell	Smelt
Spend	Spent
Stand	Stood
Swim	Swam
Teach	Taught
Tell	Told

 Past Tense says about something that happened once in the past:

I went to Gujarat when I was in college.
We had pet dogs and cats once but now we haven't any.

Past Tense also says about something that happened again and again in the past:

When I was a child, I played every evening with friends.
He always enjoyed coming to our house.

Past Tense is used to express something that was true for sometime in the past:

We lived in Bombay for six years.
I participated in sports when I was a teenager.

Exercises with Simple Past:

I got up late yesterday.
She went to shopping last Sunday.
We often went for the cinema when I was in hostel.
The programme started at 8.00 and finished at 11 o'clock.
We stayed at a very nice resort during our trip to Kerela.


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Simple Past Tense with was/were

• We use was/were to denote Simple Past Tense. 

	Positive	Negative
I	was	wasn't
He	was	wasn't
She	was	wasn't
It	was	wasn't
We	were	weren't
You	were	weren't
They	were	weren't

With Question Forms:

was	I
was	He
was	She
was	It
were	We
were	You
were	They

Examples: 

• It was cloudy at morning.
• She was having lunch when I got home.
• I was sleeping at that time.
• They were friends in college.
• Was she at home when you came?
• Were you doing your work yesterday?
• Where were you last night? 
• Was he studying the same course?

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Have got And Has got

• I have a pet dog/I have got a pet dog.
• You have a nice smile/You have got a nice smile.
• He has many friends/He has got many friends.
• It has a long beak/ It has got a long beak.

I	have/have got	haven't got/don't have
We	have/have got	haven't got/ don't have
You	have/have got	haven't got/ don't have
They	have/have got	haven't got/ don't have
He	has/has got	hasn't got/doesn't have
She	has/has got	hasn't got/doesn't have
It	has/has got	hasn't got/doesn't have

- Have/has and have got/has got denotes the same meaning.
- In negatives and questions, do and does are also used.

Examples:

• I haven't got response for the query./ I don't have response for the query.
• He hasn't got any sibling./ He doesn't have any sibling.
• They haven't got tickets for the show./ They don't have tickets for the show.
• Have you got a pen to write?/ Do you have a pen to write?
• Has he got a new Bike?/ Does he have a new Bike?
• Have we got a new Science teacher? Do we have a new Science teacher?
• Where have you got that book? Where do you have that book?

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